Effects of Different Rearing
Temperatures on the Expression of Some Phenotypic Traits in a Freshwater
Catfish (Mystus vittatus)
Yousof N Alrashada1, Md Moshiur Rahman2*, Iva Alam Pinkey2, Shaikh
Tareq Arafat2, Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman2, Zannatul
Ferdoushe2, Md. Golam Sarower2,
Md Imran Noor2 and Md. Mostafizur Rahman3
1Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agricultural and
Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi
Arabia
2Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
3Disaster and Human Security
Management, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh
*For correspondence:
mrahmankufmrt@gmail.com; yalrashada@kfu.edu.sa
Received 22 January 2022; Accepted 15 May 2022;
Published 15 June 2022
Abstract
Global warming is the most concerning issue in the
recent years which directly and indirectly influences many fish species
enforcing to modulate their different phenotypic traits to cope with the
unprecedented conditions. This study was conducted to explore the expression of
some phenotypic traits of a popular small freshwater fish, the stripped dwarf
catfish (Mystus vittatus),
reared for 30 days under different water temperatures such as 1) control
(26–28ºC), 2) high (30–32ºC) and 3) low (20–22ºC). The principal component
analysis for six growth parameters revealed the formation of different clusters
because of temperature effects. The respective individual analysis showed that
high temperature reared fish had significantly lesser body weight than the low
treatment, and marginally lower than the control treatment. The study revealed
that significantly higher number of fish reared in control treatment possessed
natural body colour than high treatment, while high treatment had significantly
larger number of dark coloured fish than the control one. Taken all together,
the research outcomes of this work show the sensitivity of some phenotypic
traits of M. vittatus at different temperatures and the information
should be taken into account for their potential rearing, future sustainable
aquaculture and conservation. © 2022 Friends Science Publishers
Keywords: Global
warming; Catfish; Fish morphology; Fish colour
Introduction
Recently a meta-analysis reported that extinctions of 47% of the 976 species surveyed
locally could be happened across the globe during the 20th century
because of the impacts of climate change (Wiens
2016). Although all ecosystems were affected by these climate changes,
the frequency of local extinctions in freshwater habitats was significantly
higher (75%) than the marine (51%) and terrestrial (46%) habitats. Evidence
from different studies also confirmed that freshwater ecosystems are the most
threatened inhabitants in the planet where many important species live (Döll and Zhang 2010).
Fish are the most vulnerable species amongst all the living organisms in
the freshwater ecosystems (Nyboer et al.
2019). Because of their ectothermic conditions, fish are very sensitive
to different stresses caused by temperature and other water parameters related
changes which ultimately induce their physiological activities (Lapointe et al. 2018) and thereby,
affect their survival, behaviour, growth, reproduction and production (Pankhurst and Munday 2011; Mazumder et al.
2015; Comte and Olden 2017; Funge-Smith 2018). Studies showed that temperature
rising due to the global climate change is the main concerning issue which
can directly or indirectly alter freshwater fish habitats (Mulholland et al. 1997), influence
their food webs (Gibert 2019), increase
mortality (Till et al. 2019),
modulate behavior (O’Gorman et al. 2016) and affect
growth and reproduction (Pankhurst and Munday
2011; Eldridge et al. 2015).
Inland
freshwater fish are the major fisheries commodities in the South Asian
countries and this region alone produced 22.6% of the total global inland
fisheries production during 2015 (Funge-Smith
2018). These freshwater fisheries resources are considered as the most
important sources of food security and protein supply for many of the
developing countries in tropical regions (Béné et
al. 2015). People living in these tropical countries obtain major
amounts of their total dietary protein and nutrients mainly by the intake of
freshwater fish (Funge-Smith and Bennett 2019).
Moreover, their livelihoods as well as the economy of their areas broadly
depend on these valuable fisheries resources (Welcomme
et al. 2010; Funge-Smith and Bennett 2019). Unfortunately, these
resources are at high risk because of the detrimental effect of unprecedented
climatic variations, especially global temperature rising (Welcomme et al. 2010; Das et al. 2013; Barange
et al. 2018). It has been unveiled that the temperature trend in
the South Asian region has been consistently rising in the last few decades (Kumar et al. 2011). The projected
summer temperature in the South Asian region could be increased by 3°C to
nearly 6°C above the baseline by 2100 (Vinke et
al. 2017). Thus, this rising temperature may have significant effects
on the existing fisheries resources in this region. Considering this concerning
issue, the present study was carried out to investigate whether different
rearing temperatures could affect some important phenotypic traits (e.g., growth parameters, body colour and
reproductive status) of a popular small freshwater fish, the stripped dwarf
catfish (Mystus vittatus), under
controlled laboratory conditions.
M.
vittatus are native to freshwaters and some brackish waters of
India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand (Hossain 2014; Froese and Pauly 2017). They are
mostly found in freshwater bodies especially rivers, canals, lakes, ponds, inundated
paddy and jute fields and floodplain areas during rainy season (Froese and Pauly 2017). Their size (standard
length) can be varied from 4.30–8.70 cm (Hossain
et al. 2006). Their body colour varies from gray-silvery to
shining golden along with pale blue or dark brown to deep black longitudinal
strips on both sides of the body (Froese and
Pauly 2017). Because of their delicate colour patterns, they are also
becoming as a popular ornamental fish species in this region (Biswas et al. 2015). People prefer them
for their very good taste, high nutrient value, and their availability
throughout the year (Hossain et al. 2006;
Paul et al. 2019). They
are enriched with different kinds of fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins
and minerals (Paul et al. 2019).
Considering their popularity, market demands and potentiality, several studies
were conducted about their induced breeding (Islam
et al. 2012), food and feeding (Arunachalam
and Reddy 1979) and their importance in livelihood security (Hossain et al. 2015) which implied the
necessity of their commercial culture. Unfortunately, they are enlisted as a
vulnerable and threatened fish species which urges their conservation as well (Hossain 2014). Considering the impacts of
elevated temperature on fish phenotypic traits, this study was designed to
experimentally explore how extreme temperatures could affect some life-history
traits of an important freshwater species, M.
vittatus.
Materials
and Methods
Fish
husbandry
Two hundred (200) stripped dwarf catfish (M. vittatus) were obtained from the
local fish farmers which were immediately shifted in oxygenated poly bags to
the fish rearing facilities at the Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology
Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh. In the laboratory, they were stocked
in large glass aquariums (80 cm × 40 cm × 30 cm) and allowed them for
conditioning up to one week.
Experimental
set-up
After one week of acclimatization, almost same sized 90
healthy M. vittatus (body weight:
8.79 ± 0.24 g and ANOVA: F2,87 = 2.04, P = 0.14) were finally sorted out for the experiment. The selected
fish were randomly assigned into three temperature
treatments such as 1) control (26–28ºC), 2) high (30–32ºC) and 3) low (20–22ºC) for 30 days of the experimental period. Each
treatment had two replications where each
replication contained 15 fish. The high and low temperature was chosen based on
the annual mean daily maximum (31.3ºC) and minimum (21.9ºC) temperature in this
region during the summer season (Yu et al.
2019). The experiment was carried out in a temperature-controlled room
where selected temperatures of all treatments were maintained by using
thermostats (Shenzhen Yago Technology Co. Ltd., China).
Feeding
and water quality management
The fish were fed once daily up to their satiation level
providing a mixture of chopped fish larvae and tiny shrimp flesh along with a
small proportion of commercial fish flake (the Hartz Mountain Corporation,
Secaucus, NJ). Approximately fifty percent of water from each of the aquarium
was replaced and uneaten food, faeces and dirt attached inside the aquarium
walls were removed by siphoning weekly. Temperature reading was
taken from the digital thermostat as well as with a Celsius thermometer
(Alcohol Filled Student Thermometer, GSC International Inc., USA) too to
compare the accuracy. During the experimental period, dissolved oxygen (DO)
was monitored once daily with a digital DO meter
(PDO-519, Lutron Electronic Enterprise co. Ltd, Taiwan) which was within the
range of 4.8–6.5 mg/L. Water pH of each aquarium was also monitored once daily using a portable pH meter (Atago Digital pH Meter DPH-2, Atago
co. Ltd, Japan) which was also in the range of 7.05 – 7.68.
Survival
and growth measurements
Fish was monitored every day and thereby, the number of
dead fish was recorded for the calculation of survival rate. At the end of
rearing period, randomly each fish was anesthetized for a while using MS222
(Tricaine methanesulfonate). The anesthetized fish was then placed on a
laminated graph paper and captured a photograph maintaining a fixed distance
(30 cm) using a digital camera (Canon DS126621). Each image included a unique
code so that the subsequent analyses of male traits were performed blind of treatment.
The ImageJ software (v. 1.46) was
used for the determination of specific phenotypic traits. Phenotypic traits
included total length (TL), standard length
(SL), head length (HL), tail length (TLL), body area (BA) were measured
cautiously to the nearest 0.1 cm. Finally, individual’s body weight (BW) was
measured using a digital
Fig. 1: Types of
observed body colour of experimental Mystus vittatus reared under
different temperatures up to one month. Here, (a) natural body colour, (b)
dark body colour and (c) other body
colour- not distinctly dark or natural colour (intermediate or confused colour)
balance to the nearest 0.1 g. (GF-300, A&D company Ltd., Massachusetts, USA).
Body
color observation
Coloration pattern of each fish was recorded cautiously
prior to photograph (discussed above). Captured photograph of each individual
was then cross-checked to confirm its recorded body colour. The fish colour
were classified as natural (Fig. 1A), dark (Fig. 1B) and others not distinctly
dark or natural colour (Fig. 1C) based on their body colour after exposed to
various temperature treatments.
Statistical analyses
Data analyses were accomplished with the ‘R’ software (v. 3.6.1) developed by R Development Core Team 2019. Descriptive data (mean ± SE) were evaluated using the ‘pysch’ package. The Shapiro-Wilk test of normality and the Levene's tests for homogeneity of variance were done with the ‘one way tests’ package. All data (except body weight) were not normally distributed by any transformation methods. The square root was appropriate for normalization of body weight. The categorical data (body colour) were not used for normalization as they were considered for other respective models (see below).
First, the multivariate model of principal component
analysis (PCA) was performed using the ‘FactoMineR’ package to expose the
effect of rearing temperature on the growth performances (TL, SL. HL, TLL, BA
and BW). The first three principal components (PCs) were retained finally as
they collectively explained 85.92% of the overall variance where each PC had
eigenvalue of > 1. The remaining PCs were excluded from the final analysis
because of their low explanatory potential (< 7%) and lower eigenvalue (<
0.5).
The univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) model was
performed using the ‘car’ package, the default Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) test was applied when any
variable was not normally distributed even after any transformation (but
homogeneous), and the one-way ANOVA with Welch’s correction or
Welch test (W-T) was applied using the ‘one way tests’ package when a variable
was not normally distributed as well as not homogenized. In the model, each
measured trait was included as a ‘response variable’ and temperature treatment
was incorporated as an ‘independent factor’. When the significant effect of
rearing temperature was revealed, the subsequent post-hoc tests were conducted
to explore the multi-comparison among tested trials.
Since the data of body colour (categorical data) did not
comply with the assumptions of any parametric model, the Pearson's chi-squared
test with Yates' continuity correction was applied
using ‘gmodels’ and ‘rcompanion’ packages in order to find out the variation in
these traits between treatments. During the analysis, the categorical data was
included separately into their respective model as a ‘response variable’, while
temperature treatment was fixed as an ‘explanatory variable’.
To evaluate the magnitude of impacts of rearing
temperature, the effect size was determined according to the statistical
significance tests developed by Cohen (1988). Finally, all plots were arranged
by using the ‘ggplot2’ package to show the significant variations among
treatments graphically.
Results
Survival and growth measurements
During the entire experimental period, only one fish
died in control and low temperature treatment groups, while none was found dead
in high temperature treatment.
The PCA analysis showed different cluster formations of
the measured six growth parameters because of the variation in rearing
temperature. The analysis revealed that high temperature fish were
characterized by mainly length parameters (e.g.,
TL, SL, HL and TLL in PC1), while control and low treatments fish
were attributed by BA (PC2) Table
1: The effects of rearing temperature on measured growth parameters of the
experimental Mystus vittatus. Different superscripts of letter indicate
statistically significant variations in the respected trait of fish among the
treatments (P < 0.05)
Response trait |
Temperature treatment (mean ± SE) |
test-stat |
P |
Effect size |
Model |
||
Control (26-28°C) |
High (30-32°C) |
Low (20-22°C) |
|||||
Total length (cm) |
9.51 ± 0.14a |
10.06 ± 0.29a |
9.65 ± 0.17a |
1.46 |
0.24 |
f = 0.21 |
W-T |
Standard length (cm) |
7.65 ± 0.12a |
8.19 ± 0.25a |
7.84 ± 0.14a |
1.99 |
0.15 |
f = 0.23 |
W-T |
Head length (cm) |
2.22 ± 0.20a |
2.14 ± 0.07a |
2.17 ± 0.05a |
1.21 |
0.31 |
f = 0.14 |
W-T |
Tail length (cm) |
1.82 ± 0.03a |
1.91 ± 0.07a |
1.88 ± 0.04a |
3.84 |
0.15 |
ε2 = 0.04 |
K-W |
Body area (cm2) |
14.00 ± 0.42a |
14.18 ± 0.38a |
13.12 ± 0.42a |
1.95 |
0.15 |
f = 0.21 |
ANOVA |
Body weight (g) |
8.55 ± 0.39ab |
7.42 ± 0.30a |
9.14 ± 0.36b |
6.10 |
< 0.01 |
f = 0.38 |
ANOVA |
Different superscripts of letter indicate statistically
significant variations in the respected trait of fish among the treatments (P < 0.05)
Fig. 2: Biplots of
principal component analysis (PCA) for the measured six growth parameters. The
plots show how six growth parameters of the experimental Mystus vittatus
formed clusters because of the effects of rearing temperature. (a) PC1 and PC2
explained collectively explained 69.99%, (b)
PC1 and PC3 explained collectively 65.33% and (c) PC2 and PC3 explained
collectively 36.53% of the total variance
and BW (PC3) (Fig. 2A–C).
The individual
statistical results noticed a considerable influence of rearing temperatures
only on the final body weight (Table 1). The subsequent post-hoc tests followed
by Tukey HSD revealed that the high treatment reared fish had significantly
reduced body weight than the low treatment (P
< 0.01), while a marginally significant lower body weight was found than
the control treatment (P = 0.06). The
analysis also revealed no significant variation in body weight between low and
control treatment (P = 0.46). Except
body weight, other phenotypic traits did not show any significant variation
among the treatments (Table 1).
Body
color observation
The Pearson's
Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction discerned that the rearing
temperature could influence significantly the fish natural body colour (χ2
= 9.49, P < 0.01, Fig. 3 and Cramer's V = 0.27). The subsequent analysis revealed that control
treatment had significantly higher number of natural coloured fish (n =22) than
high treatment (n = 11 and P < 0.01), while no significant variation
was found with low treatment (n=20, P =
0.62 and Fig. 3). There was a marginally significant variation in the
availability of natural coloured fish found between high and low treatment
groups (P = 0.05).
The findings revealed
that dark body coloration was modulated because of the effect of rearing
temperature (χ2 = 9.26, P
< 0.01, Fig. 3 and Cramer's V = 0.25). Further analysis showed that high treatment had
significantly higher number of dark coloured fish (n = 15) than control
treatment (n = 5 and P < 0.05), while a marginally significant
variation was found with low treatment (n = 7, P = 0.05 and Fig. 3). However, no significant variation in dark
body colour was found between control and low treatments (P = 0.79).
Only a very few and insignificant number of other
coloured fish (i.e., not distinctly
dark or natural colour) was observed in the experimental groups such as two in
control treatment, while three in each of low and high treatments (Fig. 3).
Discussion
Global water temperature is undoubtedly rising which
ultimately may affect the living aquatic organisms particularly many fish
species directly or indirectly in different ways (Crozier and Hutchings 2014; Merilä and Hendry 2014). The elevated
water temperature can significantly affect fish behavior (Colchen et al. 2016), growth (Islam et al. 2019),
reproduction (Donelson et al. 2014), immunity (Kim
et al. 2019) and their survival (Crossin et al. 2008). Although several
studies have been conducted on the effects of elevated temperature on different
fish species, unfortunately very few studies have been carried out yet on
commercially important freshwater catfish like M. vittatus to know their
responses to the extreme rearing temperatures (Buentello
et al. 2000; Tang et al. 2000; Arnold et al. 2013; Ogunji
and Awoke 2017).
The study found no significant effect of rearing
temperature variations on survival rate of the experimental M. vittatus.
Although, no study has been carried out yet with this species on this
particular issue, some studies with other tropical freshwater fishes
corroborate the findings (Stewart et al.
2015; Lapointe et al. 2018; Islam et al. 2019). The
results indicated that M. vittatus could survive even under the
thermal-induced stress condition. In contrasts, studies with other tropical
freshwater species have found significant effects of temperature on their
survival rates (Tang et al. 2000; Rummer et
al. 2014; Ogunji and Awoke 2017). These different findings recommend
that the effect of temperature on survival rate varies according to species and
the geographical locations of their habitats.
Fig. 3: Number of
experimental Mystus vittatus possessed different body colours after
rearing in different temperatures. Different capital letters indicate
statistically significant variations in natural body colour among the
treatments (P < 0.05), different small letters denote
statistically significant variations in dark colour of fish among the
treatments (P < 0.05) and an asterisk symbol indicates
statistically non-significant variation in other colour of fish among the
treatments (P < 0.05)
In the present study, the high temperature reared fish
had significantly lower body weight than their counter groups which is
consistent with the previous findings of other catfish species. For instance, Islam et al. (2019) have reported that
final body weight of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was
significantly lower at 24 and 36°C than those of 28 and 32°C. In another study, Arnold
et al. (2013) have shown
that juveniles of Ictalurus punctatus had significantly
increased body weight at moderate temperature (27–31°C) than
those of low (23–27°C) and high (31–35°C) temperature regimes. It was noticed
in the present study that fish in high temperature were seemed to be tired,
sluggish and reluctant to intake feed immediately. Evidence with elevated
temperature has confirmed that fish reduced their swimming and locomotion (Yuan et al. 2017), feed consumption and
utilization (Buentello et al. 2000)
which ultimately hamper their metabolic activities (Sandersfeld et al. 2015) and energy budget (Anacleto et al. 2018) required for
proper growth and other physiological purposes. This might be a plausible
reason to have lower growth parameters in high temperature reared fish than other
treatments in the present study.
Although fish in high temperature showed significantly
lower body weight, their other measured growth parameters (e.g., different lengths) were same as those of their counter
groups. Thermal-induced stress can force the fish to make a resource allocation
trade-off by balancing energy budget between growth traits and maintenance (Angilletta et al. 2003; Hemmer-Brepson et
al. 2014). It has been shown that fish exposed to higher temperature
expressed significantly more heat shock proteins in the expense of lot of
energy (Viant et al. 2003; Werner et
al. 2006). However, this energy expenditure may not always reduce
their growth while allocating it more to coping with the thermal stress (Viant et al. 2003; Werner et al. 2005)
and perhaps the similar mechanism might also work in the growth performance
(except body weight) of high temperature reared fish in the present study.
However, future study to expose the underlying physiological mechanisms should
be carried out to reveal this interesting issue.
Fishes around the world possess different colour
patterns for various reasons such as providing signals, bearing identity,
acquiring social ranking, getting mating success, confirming reproductive
periods, responding to stress, etc. (Kodric-Brown 1998; Gamble et al. 2003; Burmeister
et al. 2005; Rahman et al. 2013; Moran and Fuller 2018; Hemingson
et al. 2019). These colour patterns of many animals including
fish are condition-dependent, and few studies have already revealed that
temperature variation can significantly influence the expression of colour
patterns in fish (Breckels and Neff 2013; Rahman
et al. 2020). However, some
studies showed fish colour pattern could be modulated because of various
stresses caused by light (Rahman et al.
2019), salinity (Rahman et al. 2022),
diet (Rahman et al. 2013) and
predation (Rahman et al. 2021). In
the present study, significantly larger number of high temperature reared fish
had dark appearance, while most of the control group possessed natural colour,
and moderate number of low treatment fish possessed both appearances. This
colour variation may indicate the thermal-induced oxidative stress particularly
in high and low treatment groups that has already been revealed in discuss fish
(Jin et al. 2019), goldfish (Lushchak and
Bagnyukova 2006) and guppy (Rahman et al.
2020). Studies suggest that these colour changes usually occur because
of chromatophores which can be regulated by hormones, neurotransmitters,
genetic and environmental factors (Burton 2002;
Kelsh 2004). It will be, therefore, interesting to know with further
research regarding the underlying mechanisms of colour changes due to thermal
stress (Ligon and McCartney 2016).
Conclusion
The overall findings of this present study suggest that,
like many other fish species, M. vittatus is also at high risk because of the unprecedented global warming.
Extreme variations in temperature at their natural habitats may lead to
modulate their important phenotypic and reproductive traits to cope with the
adverse environmental conditions. Since the findings of this present study warn
that extreme rearing temperature (high or low) can affect severely some
phenotypic traits of M. vittatus, necessary steps and strategies should
be taken to save, conserve, breed and culture of this valuable species.
Furthermore, studies should be carried out to explore the underlying
physiological and genetic mechanisms regarding their coping and modulation
strategies under the thermal stressed conditions.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Md. Habibur
Rahman, Laboratory Technician, for his great assistance with maintenance and
husbandry of this species.
Author Contributions
Yousof Naser
Alrashada Conceptualization, investigation, writing review and
editing. Md. Moshiur Rahman Conceptualization, methodology, investigation,
writing-original draft, visualization, data curation, formal analysis, project
administration and fund acquisition. Sheikh
Mustafizur Rahman and Shaikh Tareq Arafat Conceptualization,
supervision, writing-review and editing, Md. Mostafizur Rahman and Md. Golam Sarower Writing-review and editing.
Imran Noor, Iva Alam Pinkey and Zannatul Ferdoushe Investigation, data
curation.
Conflict
of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest
Data Availability
Research data are not shared currently. However, the data
that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding
author upon reasonable request.
Ethics Approval
This work was carried out under the School of Life Science of
Khulna University’s Animal Ethics approval (KUAEC-2019/06/03).
Funding Source
This work was supported by a
project grant of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of the
People’s Republic of Bangladesh (project grant no.:
39.00.0000.09.02.69.16-17/BS-168/182).
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